Spain In America

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Royal Contract Conquest Peru 1529

Seven Cities of Cibola

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	Place Name	Description
	Acapulco	Sp. settlement, SW Mexico on the Pacific Ocean. Acapulco was a base for Spanish exploration of the Pacific and was key in trade with the Philippines; the city was founded in 1550.
	Acoma	Pueblo, W Central NM, alt. c.7,000 ft (2,130 m); founded c.1100–1250 atop a steep-sided sandstone mesa, 357 ft (109 m) high The pueblo wasvisited by Fray Marcos de Niza (1539) and Coronado’s men (1540). Juan de Oñate was allowed entry in 1598, but the natives soon resisted the Spanish; defeated after severe fighting, many were later maimed. The missionary Fray Juan Ramírez arrived in 1629. The Acoma people joined in the Pueblo revolt of 1680, were forced to submit to Diego de Vargas in 1692, joined in the later uprising of 1696, and were subdued again in 1699. They were later Christianized; the pueblo is dominated by the mission church of San Estevan del Rey.
	Aguascalientes	Sp. , central Mexico. Aguascalientes is built over an anc., intricate system of tunnels constructed by early, still unidentified, inhabitants. Founded in 1575, the city was long a Span. outpost
	Albuquerque	Albuquerque; Sp. settlement, N central New Mexico. Spanish settlers arrived in the mid-1600s but were repelled (1680) in the Pueblo revolt. The old town was founded in 1706 and named for the viceroy of New Spain, the duke of Alburquerque. To the north is an excavated pueblo (Tiguex) near which Coronado camped in 1541
	Amazon R.	River (Rio Amazonas), Peru, Brazil, world’s second longest river, c.3,900 mi (6,280 km) long, formed by the junction in N Peru’s Andes Mts. of two major headstreams, the Ucayali and the shorter Marañón. It flows across N Brazil before entering the Atlantic Ocean near Belém. The Amazon was probably first seen by Europeans in 1500 when the Spanish commander Vicente Yáñez Pinzón explored the lower part. Real exploration of the river came with the voyage of the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana down from the Napo in 1540–41; his fanciful stories of female warriors gave the river its name. Not long afterward (1559) the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Ursúa led an expedition down from the Marañón River.
	Antigua Guatemala	Sp. settlement, Guatemala, C America. Founded in 1542 by survivors from nearby Ciudad Vieja, which had been destroyed by flood and earthquake, Antigua Guatemala became thethird capital of Spanish Guatemala. In the 17th cent., it flourished as one of the richest capitals of the New World, Its university was a center of the arts and learning, and its churches, convents, monasteries, public buildings, and residences were characterized by massive luxury. Antigua Guatemala, dominated by the volcanoes Agua (12,310 ft/3,752 m high), Acatenango (12,982 ft/3,957 m high), and Fuego (12,854 ft/3,918 m high), was continually subject to disaster from volcanic eruptions, floods, and earthquakes.
	Arequipa	Sp. settlement, S Peru on the Chili River. Founded in 1540 on the site of an Inca town, Arequipa stands on an oasis in an arid plain and grows crops for local consumption
	Asuncion	Sp. settlement, Paraguay, on the Paraguay River. The site of the city may have been visited by the conquistador Juan de Ayolas, but the town, called Nuestra Señora de la Asunción [Our Lady of the Assumption], was founded in Aug., 1536 or 1537, by Juan de Salazar and Gonzalo de Mendoza. It became a trading post on the route to Peru and flourished under the governorship of Domingo Martínez de Irala, who founded there the first cabildo in South America. As the most important town in the Río de la Plata region, Asunción became the center of the Jesuits’ activities in converting the indigenous population. The city developed further under the great Creole governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (first elected 1592).
	Baracoa	Sp. settlement, SE Cuba, a port near the eastern extremity of the island. Founded c.1512 by the Spanish explorer Diego de Velázquez, Baracoa is the oldest settlement in Cuba.
	Bernalillo	Sp., N central N.Mex., on Rio Grande, NW of Sandia Mts., 18 mi/29 km NNE of Albuquerque, Elev. 5,052 ft/1,540 m., includes ruins of pueblos once used(1540–1542) by Coronado as hq. Village settled 1698 by Spaniards
	Buenos Aires	Sp. settlement, E Argentina on the Rio de la Plata. The city was first founded in 1536 by a Spanish gold-seeking expedition under Pedro de Mendoza. However, attacks by indigenous peoples forced the settlers in 1539 to move to Asunción and in 1541 the old site was burned. A second and permanent settlement was begun in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who set out from Asunción. Although Spain long neglected Buenos Aires in favor of the riches of Mexico and Peru, the settlement’s growth was enhanced by the development of trade, much of it contraband.
	Cajamarca	N. Peru, Inca settlement; Cajamarca is situated at an altitude of c.9,000 ft (2,740 m). Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa in 1532 at Cajamarca.
	Callao	Sp. settlement, port, W Peru on Callao Bay of the Pacific Ocean. Callao was founded in 1537 at the same time Francisco Pizarro founded Lima. The English navigator Sir Francis Drake sacked the city in 1578.
	Campeche	Sp. settlement, SE Mexico, on the Yucatán peninsula; 19°50'N 90°30'W. The fortified city, once the site of the pre-Columbian town called Kimpech, wasfounded in 1540 by the son of the Span. conquistador Francisco de Montejo.
	Caparra	Sp. settlement, Puerto Rico, 4 mi/6.4 km S of San Juan. First European settlement in Puerto Rico founded 1508 by Ponce de León, abandoned 1521.

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